Testing Is A Tool A Counselor - 1314 Words

Intro Counselors that work on college campuses have a unique job. Many college counselors work with student’s who need individual and group counseling† (Nugent Jones, pg. 280). Testing services may or may not be a part of the counseling center. There is a difference between â€Å"testing academic services gives and testing a counseling center gives† (Nugent Jones, pg. 279). Counselors â€Å"use standardized test and inventories in the counseling process† (Nugent Jones, pg. 283). Testing Testing is a tool a counselor uses to assess a client. A client must â€Å"agree to be tested and to use the information gained for self-exploration† (Nugent Jones, pg. 283). Tests that counselors give clients have nothing to do with â€Å"academic testing†¦show more content†¦The (SASSI) is a screening that can identify high or low risk of substance abuse disorder in clients. Career Counseling Tests Counselors who are giving career advice use several different tests to assess clients. These tests focus on â€Å"interest and personality inventories† (Nugent Jones, pg. 283). The Strong interest inventory or (SII) is a way to guide a student in possible career choices based on a variety of questions. The kuder occupational interest survey (KOIS) and the self-directed search (SDS) are also geared to help clients make a career choice. These types of tests look at a variety of areas to focus in on a career choices that clients are struggling to choose. Conclusion Counselors may have to address many different needs of their clients. Depending on size of the school they work at may also determine if they provide career, academic or personal counseling services. A counselor uses testing in conjunction with interviews to assess a client’s problem. There are many tests that counselors can use to help clients with career indecision, identify depression and assess the risk of substance abuse. Counselors have begun to use testing more often because â€Å"they are considered a tool to gauge the effectiveness of counseling and provide accurate diagnosis for the client† (Nugent Jones, pg. 283). At this point the ward attendant is an â€Å"in-fighter† who can try to bring about positive changes at the

Interview On The Killing Of Jeremy Mardis - 984 Words

CNN reporter Nick Valencia was the interviewee for my topic of the killing of Jeremy Mardis. This interview was information-gathering because Nick had reported on the story of Jeremy. Both Nick and I had established a rapport because I was scheduled to meet with him to ask him about his career and professional advice. Nick was called in for a story which led to us doing a thirty-minute telephone interview that was moderately scheduled for a Saturday afternoon in which I asked Nick various questions about the story and why/who he interviewed. The way I set up the questions for the interview was using the hourglass sequence in which I would ask a open question, then go to a closed question and so on. It all started with my opening. In starting the interview I used a verbal opening technique in which I stated the purpose of why I was conducting the interview. The way I tried to conduct the interview was by using the nondirective approach. I had a list of questions prepared to ask, but I wanted and needed to listen to see where Nick’s responses would lead me. Even though I took the nondirective approach one of the main focus for myself that I tried to do was just have a conversation with Nick and not make it feel like an interview. The first question I asked was open ended about how does he mentally prepares himself to interview someone about a tragic event. Nick said, â€Å"I know the situation the best I can before I go into it and know that it is going to be a sensitive and

Argumentative (Persuasive) Essay Guidelines Free Essays

Writing Handout E-5: Argumentative (Persuasive) Essay Guidelines Structuring a Argumentative (Persuasive) Essay A persuasive essay is simply a writer’s attempt to convince readers of the validity of a particular opinion on a controversial issue. The following steps should help you write a persuasive essay. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative (Persuasive) Essay Guidelines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Carefully select a topic Choose a topic that interests you. An argument does not have to be a burning issue, but it must be a debatable topic. It can be anything you feel strongly about. 2. Identify the controversy Your introduction should clarify the controversy or issue. Your thesis states your position on the issue. You must take a stand on the issue. 3. Provide support The body paragraphs of the essay should provide specific support. These supports may include personal experience, statistics, examples, facts, or experts’ opinions. They may be garnered from television shows, magazines, newspapers, textbooks, studies, or interviews. 4. Organization Include enough details to support your position; however, select only the facts that are relevant. 5. Consider differing opinions A persuasive essay may be strengthened by acknowledging conflict viewpoints and repudiating them. . Provide a forceful conclusion Restate your position in different words from the introduction. Do not introduce new material in the conclusion. You may want to conclude by encouraging some specific call to action (see the attached sample essay). Note to students: The following essay is a sample to illustrate format. Course instructors have copies. Duplication or near duplica tion would be regarded as plagiarism. E-5 Argumentative/Persuasive Essay Guidelines (July, 2011; g:ASC:EngRead) Page 1 Argumentative Sample Title An effective title should grab a reader’s nterest. Title is not underlined, boldfaced, or italicized. Introduction: An example provides an effective introduction to the topic. Thesis: Thesis statement identifies the argument. Body paragraphs: Each body paragraph contains a transition (bold) followed by clearly stated arguments (italicized), supported by specific facts or examples. Conclusion: Summarizes the main ideas, repeats thesis sentence, and draws conclusion. Boxing: Countdown to Injury A left hook smashes into the fighter’s jaw. A following right slams his head the opposite direction. An uppercut to the jaw snaps his head back, momentarily stopping the blood flow to his brain. The boxer drops, hitting the mat with a thud. His brain bounces off his skull for the second time in a matter of seconds. Is this what we should call a sport? Because of injuries, neurological damage, and ring deaths, the rules of professional boxing should be changed. Boxing has always been a brutal sport. The ancient Greeks used gloves studded with metal spikes, which slashed the face and body and split skulls. Although gloves are no longer spiked, boxers today sustain injuries ranging from cuts and bruises to broken bones. It is not uncommon to see a boxer leave the ring with a cut on his face, an eye swollen shut, and a nose enlarged and bloody. Often, healing in is incomplete because these areas receive the same blows again and again in other matches. In fact, repeated blows almost cost Sugar Ray Leonard his sight when his retina detached in his left eye. Besides superficial injuries, boxers suffer short-term neurological damage as a result of staggering blows to the head. A knockout punch, for example, is often delivered with such force that the brain smashes against the skull, tearing nerve fibers and blood vessels, resulting in a concussion. Even a blow to the neck can close the carotid artery, the main artery to the brain, whereby oxygen and blood to the brain are disrupted, resulting in dizziness and confusion. Later, the boxers often have no memory of the moments before or after a knockout blow. In addition to short-term neurological damage, severe blows to the head can induce more serious injuries. For instance, Muhammad Ali now suffers from longterm neurological damage as a result of receiving repeated blows to the head. Evidence shows that Ali suffers from neurological damage caused by the blows that accelerated existing damage. As he aged, the boxer whom experts say was the â€Å"greatest of all† could not walk without the aid of a cane and could barely speak. Finally, the most serious outcome of continual beatings to the head is death. Ray Mancini retired from boxing after delivering such a crushing blow to the head of Duck-Kim that the end result of the match was death for Duck-Kim. The advent of gloves and protective headgear supposedly offers protection, but even a light punch can snap the boxer’s head back explosively, causing severe injury or death. Thus, boxing has been a popular sport since the ancient Greeks reveled in watching one opponent physically beat another to death. To lessen the injuries, neurological damages, and deaths occurring from this sport, professional boxing rules need to be changed to those used in Olympic matches, where points are awarded for skill and precise landing of punches, not for physically maiming an opponent. To continue allowing the present, legalized assault of boxing to masquerade as another innocent challenge of skill is to remain in barbarism. E-5 Argumentative/Persuasive Essay Guidelines (July, 2011; g:ASC:EngRead) Page 2 How to cite Argumentative (Persuasive) Essay Guidelines, Essays

Music In The Ages Analysis Essay Example For Students

Music In The Ages Analysis Essay Early Baroque Period 1600 1680 The most important figure of the Early Baroque period was the Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi. He transformed music through his imaginative development of traditional forms. In particular, the dramatic styles of his madrigals vocal compositions anticipates the solo cantata and operatic recitative a singing styles that resembles speech of the Late Baroque period. Monteverdi was also the earliest significant composer of opera. Other music that flourished during this period was church organ music. Dutch composer Jan Sweelinck pioneered a number of forms, including the fugue, which strongly influenced J.S. Bach. Another leading musician was Dietrich Buxtehude, whose fame inspired Bach to walk two hundred miles just to hear him play. The early 17th century saw the rise of Baroque monody, where the melody is given to one instrument of voice, while a basso continuo continuing bass, usually consisting of a keyboard and bass melody instrument, supplies the accompaniment. This did much to distinguish it from the polyphony of the Renaissance. The basso continuo was a common device in both vocal and instrumental Baroque music. Its keyboard part was never written out, but each chord change was indicated by numbers written over or under the bass line.

The Use of Psalms in Contemporary Christian Worship Perspectives and methods Essay Essay Example

The Use of Psalms in Contemporary Christian Worship: Perspectives and methods Essay Essay The Psalms have been a beloved. educational and spiritually uplifting portion of Christian worship since its early yearss. For many denominations the usage of the Psalms has become profoundly vested in church tradition. Recitations were. and still are. a familiar rite for many who adhere to the â€Å"traditional† formats of Christian worship. This. interestingly. is portion of the ground why Psalm use fell into disfavour in modern-day worship formats. The linguistic communication. subjects and ritual use in the traditional service did non transport the same meaningfulness to many contemporary-minded believers. The detonating genre of modern Christian music and composing have in one sense pushed the Psalms aside. More late. though. these creative persons have reinforced the significances and encouraged the use of the Psalms. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Psalms in Contemporary Christian Worship: Perspectives and methods Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Psalms in Contemporary Christian Worship: Perspectives and methods Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Psalms in Contemporary Christian Worship: Perspectives and methods Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In recent old ages the function and importance of the Psalms in modern-day worship have been reevaluated. Contemporary believers are being reintroduced to the Psalms in new. originative ways. Younger coevalss of believers are reconnecting with the cosmopolitan subjects written in the Book of Psalms. The importance of Psalms in both traditional and modern-day formats remains significant. Psalms in worship – a brief history The Psalms were an of import portion of worship even before the Christian church came into being. Jesus reinforced the impression that they were a gift of God. promoting their survey and usage in Judaic worship. Kortering writes that: â€Å"Christ himself made great usage of the Psalms. affecting upon his adherents that the Psalms radius of him† ( 2008 ) . The Psalms have besides been a beginning of comfort for centuries. â€Å"The Psalms have of all time been a response to these deep longings: calls of the soul†¦souls of surrender†¦paens of praise† ( Merrill. 2007 ) . From that context. they were incorporated into the early Christian church as vocals. readings or chants. Psalm vocalizing is a heritage instead than a tradition. They are widely considered to be an divine gift from God. At the same clip. some modern-day worship leaders have greatly diminished their use. Some of the Psalms speak to upseting subjects given the later context of the New Testament. As Kortering puts it: â€Å"From clip to clip the inquiry is raised as to the adequateness of the Psalms for the New Testament church†¦Some of them are about opposite the spirit of the gospel† ( 2008 ) . Some Psalms pray for stuff wealth and injury to enemies among other darker subjects. Others. nevertheless. are surging poetries about the grace. generousness and forgiveness of God. The Psalms besides prophesy the coming of Christ doing them all the more relevant to modern-day believers. As a organic structure of work. the Psalms are an facile and emotional contemplation of the human experience. They prompt the reader or hearer toward self-reflection and can take to a growing in religion if used in meaningful. non-repetitive ways. Contemporary tendencies Psalms may be used in modern-day services in any figure of ways. A antiphonal reading format is sometimes used to believers to interact with the curate. Harmonizing to Rienstra. â€Å"A fold calls forth his best gifts as a sermonizer when they interact with him† ( 2006 ) . The Psalm chosen might associate to the Pastors’ message. church events or even universe and cultural events. Along similar lines. dramatized readings. skits and video presentations can besides be used to do the Psalms semen to life for the believers. Given that the Psalms were written for singing ; they lend themselves to a broad assortment of public presentation formats. An increasing figure of modern-day believers are returning to the Psalms in new originative ways. Leonard notes that: â€Å"a wealth of Christian vocal in popular or modern-day manner. a characteristic of the Praise and Worship motion ; much of this music takes the signifier of Scripture vocals utilizing Psalm texts† ( 1997 ) . Contemporary Christian creative persons are accommodating traditional tunes and beats associated with the Psalms to make dynamic new anthems for worship. Psalm inspired music written for soloists. vocal jazz band. praise sets and congregational vocalizing are going more common. Many well-known modern-day creative persons are happening that the Psalms are a mature beginning for inspiration. Their subsequent use of the Psalms in new music has had an consequence on increased credence of their use in worship. Some folds are utilizing the Psalms in even more originative ways. An illustration would be a â€Å"Psalm Festival† . held late by a Calvinist fold. The festival featured the public presentation of Psalms in a broad assortment of ways. from chants to modern-day renderings to skits. The festival had a alone coming together consequence on the audiences and participants. Attendants were an even mix of older and younger. traditional and modern-day believers. Young people more likely to be modern-day believers were merely as enthusiastic about the festival as older. traditional believers more used to the use of Psalms in services. As one participant put it: â€Å"Young people in their busy lives as college pupils have merely every bit much demand to focus on their Black Marias and heads on God as older people† ( Graff. 2005 ) . The secret to the cryptic power of the Psalms may be related to their alone poetic format. â€Å"Poetry may claim a particular topographic point in our universe because it can sometimes force us beyond the simplifications we see every day† ( Templeton. 2000 ) . For brooding modern-day believers the beauty of the Psalms can assist re-awaken spiritualty and surrogate continued growing in religion. Analysis and decision Contemporary services are. by their nature. less bound by tradition. The Psalms have a long history of use in the traditional Christian church. They are used musically. but besides as rote. accustomed readings during services. For the early coevalss of â€Å"contemporary† Christian worshippers some of the meaningfulness and spiritualty of the Psalms had been lost along the manner. Some of the Psalms besides professed â€Å"un-Christian† subjects. doing modern-day believers uncomfortable with their use. Since the overruling end of modern-day worship organisers was to go more genuinely Christ-centered. the usage of the Psalms in services was de-emphasized over a figure of old ages. In recent old ages at that place has been a rediscovery of the power and spiritualty of the Psalms. They vividly illustrate human hopes. emotions and imperfectnesss. They besides praise Gods’ forgiveness. power and clemency. They prophesy the coming of a savior piece at the same clip exemplifying the demand for him. In those ways. the Psalms relate merely every bit much to modern-day believers as they do to traditional believers. They comprise a unambiguously written statement of religion and human infirmity that can be applicable to us today. BeginningsButtry. Daniel. 1988. Bringing Your Church Back to Life: beyond survival outlook.Valley Forge. PA: Judson Press. Graff. Alison. 2005. â€Å"Psalms Unite the Calvin Community† . 26 May 2008. lt ;hypertext transfer protocol: //63. 170. 204. 10/ipac20/ipac. jsp? session=1Y11775Q9K078. 8600 A ; profile=c A ; lang=eng A ; logout=true A ; startover=true # focal point gt ; . Kortering. J. 2008. â€Å"Psalm Singing: a Reformed Heritage† . Protestant ReformedChurches. 26 May 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. prca. org/pamphlets/pamphlet_37. hypertext markup language gt ; . Leonard. Richard. 1997. â€Å"Singing the Psalms: a brief history of Psalmody† . LaudemontMinistries. 27 May 2008 lt ;hypertext transfer protocol: //www. laudemont. org/pndex. hypertext markup language? MainFrame=http: //www. laudemont. org/a-stp. htm gt ; . Merrill. Nan. 2007. Psalms for Praying: An Invitation to Wholeness. New York:Continuum. Rienstra. Ron. 2006. â€Å"Singing. Stating. Preaching. Praying: utilizing the Psalms inmodern-day worship† . Faith Alive Christian Resources. 26 May 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. reformedworship. org/magazine/article. cfm? article_id=1066 gt ; . Swindoll. Charles. 1988. Populating Beyond the Daily Grind: contemplations on the vocals andexpressions in Bible. Dallas: Word Publishing. Templeton. John. 2000. Worldwide Worship: Prayers. Songs. and Poetry. Philadelphia:Templeton Foundation.

Exhibition Report essays

Performance/Exhibition Report essays For the final exhibition report I went to The National Shrine: Grotto of Lourdes. Being of Catholic religion, I have visited this area before. This is a spectacular exhibit that was a real delight. It's a serene walk in the woods passed several statues, markers, shrines, etc. There are stations of the cross and many biblical sayings. There are benches where you can stop to pray or meditate. It's very low-keyed. . There's a chapel which holds different services at various times. With the surrounding woods, it was nice to move at your own pace. Others passed by but they were very quiet and respectful. I would recommend to anyone wanted to lift their spiritual side. The Grotto has been established in Emmitsburg in 1805. In the year 1728, a group of Catholics left St. Marys City in Maryland, and traveled westward seeking peace and religious freedom. After the Revolution and the constitutional grant of religious freedom, Father John Dubois, a refugee priest from France, came to this area. This priest, who later became Bishop of New York, was appointed pastor of Frederick in 1794. On St. Mary's Mount he built, St. Mary's Church at the site of the present Grotto parking lot. For over a century this church was a beacon calling the faithful to Mass from the Valley and a reminder to them to keep the Faith. Numerous paths, traceable to this day and all converging on the church, show with what fidelity the Catholics practiced their faith. Along with wooded areas engraved with pathways to view biblical messages, there are churches located here. I entered the Chapel of Mary on the hill, and was astonished by its beauty. The smell of cedar and rose filled the air as I sat in one the pews. Candles burned and illuminated the ceiling and the cross that stood at the front of the church. The scene was majestic and alluring. The art works on the walls are all religious and sentimental. All the religious artifacts here are bright and descriptive. ...

Business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business environment - Essay Example e up with a new image, ‘Beyond Petroleum.’ This and some other campaigns are intended to reduce the bad image the company has developed, that is not very environmentally friendly. The market for petroleum is based on its demand and supply conditions. These conditions are there for every market. The demand and supply help determine the price and the quantity of oil that should be supplied to the world. The major contributor to oil supply in the world is Saudi Arabia. The market in the UK is said to be self sufficient till 2016. The industry produces around two million barrels of hydrocarbons per day. Even though the country is self sufficient, the oil reserves are declining. According to the article ‘Oil, gas and petroleum: Overview,’ (2006) the oil reserves are mainly in the North Sea and off the coasts of Aberdeen, Suffolk, Norfolk, Liverpool and Morecambe Bay. UK is known for its ability to extract oil in larger quantity from the deep sea by using advanced engineering techniques. UK exports oil in its raw form. The country is now focusing of making full use of the existing oil fields instead of looking for new smaller fields. The Oil, gas and petroleum: Overview article (2006) provides us with the following figures, the petroleum industry by itself exists of 200 companies who perform different processes including, refining, distribution and marketing. The basic structure of the market is based on two divisions, retail and commercial. The retail side of the structure includes petrol sold from filling stations while the commercial side includes the government and its agencies, industrial and agricultural transporters, power generators etc. The petroleum industry gives way to thousands of jobs to contractual workers and on a full time basis employs, 150,000 people. According to the Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission, the industry is controlled by seven companies, five of them are American and the other two are British-Dutch. The American

How Greenwash commercials influence buying behaviour in luxury car Dissertation

How Greenwash commercials influence buying behaviour in luxury car market - Dissertation Example According to the research findings the impact of Greenwash commercials on buying behaviour seeks to understand the consumers’ psychological orientation towards purchase of products and how marketing strategies or advertisements can adapt to the same. Amongst the Response Hierarchy Models, Persuasive Hierarchy Model suggests that consumers are influenced by advertising and use the commercials to learn about different brands and reach their preferences based on the information they gain from these. Here cognition is the precondition for making any buying decision. This model is applicable in high involvement purchase condition where the product or the purchase is crucial to the consumer. Such advertisement begins with awareness which leads to interest of the buyer and then results in action of purchase. These are highly true for consumers of cars. In Low involvement cases, the consumer prefer convenience goods, i.e.take the buying decisions based upon cost, etc. Here purchases a re rapid and preferences towards brands are formed after trials. Integrated Models therefore suggest that buying decisions depend on situations and advertising works accordingly. The FCG grid formed by the advertising agency Foote, Cone and Belding can appropriately depict this with four different buying situations incorporating consumer motivation. For instance, in high involvement case, consumers’ motive will lead him to buy items like luxury watches when the idea is to transform their lifestyle or when the â€Å"feel good† factor is important to them. ... umers are influenced by advertising and use the commercials to learn about different brands and reach their preferences based on the information they gain from these (Belch and Belch, 2003, p. 208). Here cognition is the precondition for making any buying decision. This model is applicable in high involvement purchase condition where the product or the purchase is crucial to the consumer. Such advertisement begins with awareness which leads to interest of the buyer and then results in action of purchase. These are highly true for consumers of cars. In Low involvement cases, the consumer prefer convenience goods, i.e.take the buying decisions based upon cost, etc. Here purchases are rapid and preferences towards brands are formed after trials. Integrated Models therefore suggest that buying decisions depend on situations and advertising works accordingly. The FCG grid (Appendix B: Integrated Model – FCG grid) formed by the advertising agency Foote, Cone and Belding can appropri ately depict this with four different buying situations incorporating consumer motivation. For instance, in high involvement case, consumers’ motive will lead him to buy items like luxury watches when the idea is to transform their lifestyle or when the â€Å"feel good† factor is important to them. Again when product choice is based on information about the product, consumers will tend to choose automotives and appliances. In Low involvement case, they would go for package goods (cost effectiveness), while their choice is led by information. Under low involvement they would settle for variety goods in order to meet the â€Å"feel good† factor (Sorce&Dewitz, 2007, pp. 4-5). This dissertation focuses on a High Involvement case (a case of buying luxury brands of cars). For these goods there always

Gender and Equality Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender and Equality - Thesis Example Gender, equality and inequality all over the world vary immensely, and in various continents, the manner in which women are treated varies as a result of differences in culture. For instance, women residing in the Middle East are in most cases belittled by their spouses as well as the society because of traditional ideologies (Kelly & Breslin, 2010). On the other hand, the women in the western societies go through a different form of inequality whereby they can only access particular forms of employment, ways of living, wages as well as qualities that are similar to those enjoyed by men. Regardless of the fact that these inequalities are not supposed be inequalities as they are considered as gender aspects from a natural biological point of view in a practical manner, utilitarianism can be perceived as a form of discrimination regarding the biological difference that are evident. For instance, in the west, people of the female gender are not usually regarded as being good candidates for being employed at construction sites and other places that may be hazardous or might need the use of physical strength. In spite of the decades dedicated to feminist advances, countless inequalities against women have not been dealt with and are still in existence. The most notable is the number of women who are in corporate leadership as well as those in political leadership, which is comparatively low. Additionally, women are still entitled to low wages with this aspect being associated with fewer years of experience on the similar jobs to those being done by men as a result of pregnancy and raising children. There are also very limited opportunities for women in professional sports and numerous other areas that need some level of physical strength, as well as in the cases where there is an aspect of isolation or danger. Society also makes the women feel less safe than the men and they

Economical And Environmental Factors Affecting The Travel And Tourism Tourism Essay

Economical And Environmental Factors Affecting The Travel And Tourism Tourism Essay Review and plan-making is a continuous process, and stakeholders are consulted and involved that this needs to be reflected in the way. Constructive dialogues with key players in the tourism sector should develop by plan-making bodies, and build partnerships with those who have a role in delivery of tourism programmes and schemes. Tesco is currently one of the leading supermarket in the UK. With their even growing success with their business, they are planning to expand an organisation into new markets. They are specially interest to enter the travel and tourism industry. I am recruited by Tesco as a member of their marketing team. This is a report for the company which is drawn from the market research and demonstrated a clear understanding on the social, economical and environmental factors affecting the travel and tourism industry. UK have impressive diversity and variety. England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland all of the countries have its own unique personality for things to do and place to see. From the rolling hills of the Cotswolds and bustling city, like of Manchester to the chearms of sleepy Cornish village and dramatic coastal, splendour of the north east. UK tourism industry is much popular and well organised. Lots of employee works in this industry. From all over the world tourist, visitors come to UK to see its beauty and attractions. Border and immigration law is easy for short stay tourist and traveller. UK have lots of place to expend money for enjoy and UK always welcome people to visit there country. Thomas cook, Thomson are the bigger tour operator in UK. They can arrange a whole package for tourist or individual what tourist want. Tour operator provide travel ticket, hotel booking, tour guide, transport, food etc. UK is rich in natural history, stunning scenery and award-winning historical sites with attractions for all age groups and interests. It is easy to fined a hotel or accommodation in the UK. Whatever a tourist destination or budget theres a limitless range of quality hotels, BBs and other accommodation to choose from. UK have over 37000 places to stay in their accommodation directory British largest hotel listing. UK compare all the leading airline for the best scheduled charter and low-cost flights to UK. Air is not only way onto this island however, UK have also got all the information on high-speed rail likes from Europe, as well as Ferry routes to and from various destinations. Whether tourists are travelling on foot , by car, bus, taxi or train, in fact whatever type of transport tourist are using UK transport and help tourist find their way easily from city to city, airport to station or restaurant to hotel, as well as providing tourist about essential information on hoe to use these services in UK. The tourism industry is an important sector of the UK economy. Over 25.5 million visitors come to the UK in 1999 and estimates suggest that tourism expenditure was around  £61 billion and total employment in tourism in tourism-related industries was nearly 1.8 million people. Tourism industry include employment in the following sectors: Hotel and other tourist accommodation, Restaurants and cafes ect Bars, public houses and night-clubs, Travel agencies and tour operators, Libraries, museums and other cultural activates, Sports and other recreation activity. Tourist can buy their product in several way like internet, telephone, email, fax ect. Tourism industries have their own website and they provide full package or individual product for customer. They put all detail about their product and easy to buy online. Tourist can call tourism industry about any specific product or services and pay over phone as well. Page-2 The association of British Travel Agent: The association of British Travel Agent(ABTA) is a non-party political organisation which represents the interests of its members to government and key opinion formers. In the UK these include Government ministers, Mps, members of the Opposition parties, select committees and senior civil servants. In Europe they have close ties with members of the European Parliament, the European commission, and staff within the directorate generals. As well as working to make sure that governments are sensitive to the needs of the travel industry, they work with other leading travel industry organisations and maintain strong links with representatives of the main travel destinations and with other travel principals and suppliers. Many of these belong to their travel industry partner scheme. ABTAs policies and views are actively promoted to international, national and tread media. English tourism council : Its prime role will be to provide strategic leadership to drive delivery of the national tourism strategy. It will have a parallel function as a centre of excellence supporting the industry in five key areas. Role of legislation : Anyone involved in the recruitment and selection of staff for the tourism industry should be aware of their responsibility under the relevant UK legislation which are; Direct discrimination Indirect discrimination Victimisation Gender reassignment Sexual orientation Health and safety Data protection act ect. In the UK several Acts of parliament lay down the responsibilities of the seller to the buyer. The customer protection legislations are as follows; The right to the seller to sell Description Selling by sample Satisfactory quality ect. The key environmental legislations are as follows; EU regulation on ozone depleting substances Waste electrical and electronic equipment regulation Waste electrical. Page-3 Recent developments in environmentalism and the role of environmental organisations Key historical development of travel and tourism: In the wider context, the sixteenth century Elizabeth mansion become a social and cultural centre, and early origin of visiting friends and relatives are easily identified in the period. From the seventeenth century, a form of tourism known as polite visiting emerges. Tourism based on social and cultural experience and education for young aristocrats became particularly prominent during the eighteenth century. Moreover the desire for people to travel continued to grow after the elapse of the grand tour and over the years major events took place within the evolution of tourism. The organisational structure of the industry: Tourism board of directors was established under the tourism Act 1979. The top level members are chairman, deputy chairman, managing director, chief executive, and directors. Working with senior management, the board of directors is responsible for tourism overall performance. It approves goals and directions, strategic plan and performance target. The board of directors ensures appropriate policies, procedures and systems are in place to optimise performance, maintain high standards of ethical behaviour and provide leadership to tourism industry. ABTA: ABTA members themselves form the policy-making and enforcement machinery of ABTA. The board of directors , council of regions, regional representatives and a number of committees and working groups are supported in their work by a professional secretariat of some 60 staff. The primary aims of the code of conduct are to ensure that the public receive the best possible service from members, and to maintain and enhance the reputation , good name and standard of ABTA and its members. Advertising in brochures is dealt with by ABTAs Standards on Brochures Booking Conditions which contain the minimum levels of information that travel agent should include to ensure that their clients can confidently choose the travel arrangements that are right for them. Transport: Airport in airport ownership in UK the British airports authority (BAA) is the major organisation. BAA leading London Heathrow, Gatwick, Standsted, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, south Hampton. Also has management contract stakes in the other airport outside the UK, plus retail management contract at two airport in the USA. Airline British airline is one of the most famous and largest airline and 2nd largest airline in the world. It have four different type of cabin service ranging from economy to club world. Also there have lots of low cost airline which fly international rote. Like Ryan air , easy jet etc. Page-4 Ferry travel it is very traditional transport. From Dover in UK to France ferry travel is most popular. Before English channel every one thought that ferry will loss 50% of passenger but it was not happened. As a low cost transport ferry in famous in the world. The cruise market it is one of the most famous travel in the world for enjoyment. Most of the oldest tourist interest to travel in cruise. But now a days youth and couples have lots of fun and enjoyment in cruise. Road travel in UK travel by car is most popular for day travel or domestic holiday. The hire car is growth as well. people chose car when they are in abroad. Rail travel national rail own and operate the national rail network in UK. Rail is very relax journey for traveller and rail goes international rote as well like Euro star, Euro rail etc. Tourism services: Tour operator Tour operator put the role together from different part and make a holiday and sell them as packages to the customer. They contract with hotels, airlines and other transport companies for make a package tougher. There are three type of tour operator which are: Outbound, Inbound, and Domestic tour. Travel agent Travel agent giving advice or information and sell and administer booking for a number of tour operator. They also sell flights, ferry ticket booking, car hire, insurance, accommodation as separate product. Thus they are distribute of products. Attraction Attraction appeal to the domestic tourism market and inbound tourism market. Attraction has two types natural and manmade. Natural like forest, beaches, lakes, land scape, hills etc. Man made attractions are super structure, national park, museum, zoo, gallery etc. Accommodation There are many type of accommodation available in travel and tourism industry like Hotel Guest accommodation Holiday Park and campsites Self catering Youth hostel Campus Key environmental organisation: EIB:- The EIBs activity in the environmental field is extensive with staff involvement to match, in particular operational staff working on the environmental assessment of project. Environmental protection and improvement are among the EIBs key leading objectives. The EIBs environmental work is therefore increasingly varied and complex. ABP:- ABP works closely regularly with ABP marine environmental research (ABPmer), a subsidiary consultancy company with over 50 years experience of providing specialist consultancy services on coastal, estuarine and riverine developments and conservation project. Page-5 The demand and provision for tourism New development in transport and access and effect on travel and tourism in various way. World is become change. New technology coming in market and customer demand is become rise as well. In travel and tourism tourist want more relax and easy product. In transport there have a lots of change like travel by train in Europe is more quicker then before. As an example before London to Paris by train was 4 hour journey now it is 2.30 hour . Tourist want something more to see or always want something new. There have lots of new destination and tourist attraction built in Europe and America. For example Barcelona, Montserrat, the Costa Brava, Lake Garda, Venice Verona, Krakow etc. Harry porter theme park on course to open in Florida, Italy to open up renaissance canals. Tourist want their tour easy. So when they want to go for tour, they can make their decision in short time an booking there ticket for air or hotel on spot. Japan use their oyster in their mobile phone. So they do not use card. They touch their mobile as a oyster. Mobile broadband is avail able in all over the world. Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest , so that greater numbers of people could being to enjoy the benefits of leisure time. World change rapidly and new technology change our life everyday. People always want something new and easy. On the other hand credit crunch quickly change tourism industry. Tourist who normally book 5 star hotel they interested to book 3 star hotel in this situation. Tourist tried to use public bus and travel in cheaper flight in the term of credit crunch. On the other hand people expectation become change. Tourist now want to travel in short time to get more time to visit other place. They want their all expectation in same place. In UK some of the shopping complex established for tourist attraction, where tourist can buy all their need in same place. Not only in shopping also in artificial sea beach, where tourist can get natural felling in all the year. Different age of people travel for different reason or for specie reason people can travel. Young age people mostly travel for adventure or activity like game or special event. Some of them travel for visiting their friend and relatives. But this type of travel tourist also try to fined attraction. Study tour is another popular tourism. Student mostly travel for specie place or attraction which is related with their study and can learn something from this travel. Religion reason is also a travel, like and example Muslim community travel in Saudi Arabia in a specie day to celebrate their hajj. From all over the world lots of Muslims come every year. Same as Hindu religion. India is bigger Hindu community in the world. So from all over the world people who are Hindu goes to India to celebrate their ceremony. SPA tourism is popular for those tourist who have some problem in health. Also people travel for treatment in different country. At the end of treatment people visit some of the pl ace as a tourist. Page-6 The role of government and the political and economical environment Political Environment in International Business: Political environment has a very important impact on every business or organisation where they operation, no matter what its size or its area of operation. Whether the company is in local area, regional area or national, large or small, political factors of the country will have an impact on it. And the most crucial and unavoidable realities of international business are that both host and home governments are integral partners. Show something in its policies and attitudes about business are a governments idea of how best to promote the national interest, political philosophy and considering its own resources. Encouraging and offering support or by discouraging and banning or restricting its activities depending on the government controls and restricts a companys. . The term political structure, used in a general sense, refers to # or groups and their relations to each other, their patterns of interaction within # and to political #, # and the norms present in political systems in such a way that they constitute the political landscape of the political entity. A situation in which conditions and mechanisms of governance and rule are challenged as to their political legitimacy by elements operating from outside of the normal operations of the political system. When challenge occurs from within a political system and the system is able to adapt and change to meet demands on it, it can be said to be stable. Even then, however, the challenge of governance and rule from outside the political system is often associated with events of violence. Political instability will therefore Normally go hand in hand with political violence. In the following, we will use the two terms interchangeably. It is also clear, however, that authoritarian countries can be stable but also relatively free of events of violence if they do not need to resort to violence to uphold their authoritarian rule and dissuade opposition groups from undertaking Violent acts on their part. We will test the hypothesis that autocracy, as such, does not have negative impacts on tourism. The is an combining of various economic factors, such as total productivity, employment, inflation, income, and interest rates. These factors influence the spending design of individuals and firms. Microeconomic environment: It includes the economic environment of a particular firm, industry or household and is primarily concerned with price determination of individual factors. The efficient allocation of resources is the main consideration from a microeconomic perspective. This is necessary to maximize total output. Page-7 Macroeconomic environment: It includes all the in totality. The determination of the employment in the levels of income and the economy is the main consideration here. Interest rates: Interest rates determine the cost and the flow of money of borrowing towards businesses. Exchange rates: This impacts from the profits made by employment levels, exporters and the price of imports. Income and wealth: Income in an economy is measured by GDP, GNP and per capita. In these factors a progressive economic environment shown by high values. Inflation and deflation: Inflationary and deflationary pressures alter the purchasing power of this which has a direct impact on employment rates, consumer spending, tax policies, business investment, and government programs . Productivity: This is the output generated from a given amount of inputs. High levels of productivity support by the economic environment . Page-8 The trends in tourism Political stability and instability: political stability and political relations influences the image of destinations in tourism- generating regions. Example of political strife that cause problematic concerns in the attraction of visitors are warfare, coups, political sticks or protests. Political instability is described as a condition of country where a government has been toppled or is controlled by factions following a coup or where basic functional per-requisites for social order control and maintenance are unstable and periodically disrupted. Economical change: economical change influence tourism in many way. Recent credit crunch is a economical change in the world where country like USA, UK mostly affected. People loose their job, lots of company close there operation for money. People have no extra money for tourism. So this economical change reduce tourist. On the other hand tourism industries reduce their price for overcome the economical change. Customer need and expectation: tourist change their need and expectation every time. They always want something new and high slandered so tourism industry going to follow customer demand. Product life cycle: tourism life cycle have 4 method of life cycle like introductory, growth, maturity and decline. In summer tourism industry do lots of activity for tourist. But when summer is going to end tourist have no interest about the activities. And at the end of summer tourism industry stop to do those activity and ready for winter. This life cycle for summer and winter rolling in tourism industry. Environmental issue: The environmental effects, widely defined, include cultural and social elements, and are probably the biggest problem of tourism. Environmental impact of tourism is most visible in tourist destinations. But effects are also visible at points of origin and transit. For example, the output of aircrafts, ferries, buses, cars equipment and promotional material consumes productive and energy resources and generates waste in origin areas while travel creates pollution in the atmosphere and adversely effects the environment of areas traversed. Globalisation: Globalization has increased the interdependence between countries, economies and people. It does not involve only giant corporations, but also small and medium sized businesses together with family-run firms. This process has led to the creation and operation of global tourism market where destinations, which are expected to compete on equal basis regardless of the country of origin, function interactively. Globalization has opened a whole new world of development opportunities. Education and training : people are more educated. So in tourism staff need trained and educated to understand tourist and communicate with them. Tourist want high standard and quality product and trained and skill customer care in their tour. So tourism industry aware of it and trained their staff about product and services. Tourism is a big industry. Every year number of tourist are increase in average 5%. There are different type of tourist like some of the tourist stay for few week, some of the tourist stay for more then a month or day travel tourist. All of the tourist have same target to travel and fined a new place for enjoy and know something new. Some Page-9 of the tourist come in seasonal. Summer is best time for tourism. Specially in Europe and American tourist like summer tour. But some of the country have some special day where tourist go specially for that day or time. Tourist want always new destination to visit. So tourism industry always fined new destination for tourist. Tourist want everything in same place and make easy their tour. Ecotourism is most poplar tourism for tourist to get everything in same place and enjoy for a short time. Page-10 The role of planning theories, practices and legislation in sustainable tourism and planning strategy In all forms of tourism have crucial importance to the economic, environmental and social well-being of the whole country. The vital role of planning system has to play in terms of facilitating the improvement and development of tourism in appropriate locations. Planners understand the importance of tourism need to ensure by tourism industry and take this fully into account when taking planning decisions and preparing development plans. Also ensure that those involved in the tourism industry understand the principles of national planning policy as they apply to tourism and how these can be applied when preparing individual planning applications. The tourism industry work and the planners together effectively to deliver, facilitate and promote new tourism developments in a sustainable way. Tourism have crucial importance in UK. It provides millions of jobs, generates significant revenues, , supports communities and helps to improve and maintain important national assets. A vital compo nent of tourism is the make-up of the national economy. It contributes  £74 billion to GDP1. It is the UKs third largest foreign exchange earner after vehicles and oil, of total exports tourism accounts for over 4%. It contributes an estimated  £11.8 billion to the national exchequer in terms of the tax paid by tourists on services and goods.2.2 million people employs by the industry 7.7% of the UK workforce. Tourism jobs are located outside London almost 80% and in 150,000 small and medium-sized enterprises most tourism employment is located. Having established the make into whole link between the environment and tourism, tourism and area development planning models are applicable to environmental conservation and protection planning as well as briefly reviewed. Parallels are drawn between the two planning approaches especially in relation to social special components. It is then provide evidence for something that the future of environment of tourism planning is based on environmental conservation, tourist views, the incorporation of community and the recognition of functional differentiation. It is insist on right that the planning of national areas for tourism should being from an environmental base and work forwards towards the identification of tourism opportunities and include the view of community groups and tourists. Tourism is an important industry in all over the world. Its future development will be secured by tourism developers who engaging with the planning process and that importance those who operating the planning system recognising. The simple idea of ensuring a better quality is the heart of sustainable development which is life for everyone, now and for future generations. To help to make new development more sustainable the planning process provides the opportunity, both through the preparation of development plans and when decisions are taken on specific schemes. The outcomes should be developments which provide accessible development, safe and well-designed, and create new opportunities that will improve the regeneration of communities and the well being of individuals. The result in more efficient use of land and bring forward sufficient land to meet a wide range of expected needs. Provide a supportive framework for successful business and economic growth. Create viable, vibrant an d vital town centres. Reduce the need to travel protect and enhance the natural and safeguard natural resources and built environment . Page-11 Conclusion This report offers practical advice to ensure that planners understand the importance of tourism and take this fully into account when taking planning decisions about tourism and preparing development plans. It also aims to help Tesco in the tourism industry to understand about the principles of national planning policy which they can apply in tourism. This report discuses how planners and the tourism industry should work together to promote, deliver and facilitate new tourism development in a sustainable way. Page-12

Individual and Society Essay -- Essays Papers

Individual and Society Medicine Since 1715 Medicine has been a great advancement in society. Without the advancement in medicine, we would not have the lifestyle that we do today. Many different nations and individuals within those nations have contributed to this progression. Medicine has greatly increased the life- span of humans. We are where we stand today because of the many great people we have had in our history who contributed to and performed medical advances. The tests and theories of these people have been a major contributing factor. William Cullen said, "Every one nowadays pretends to neglect theory, and to stick to observation. But the first is in talk only, for every man has his theory, good or bad, which he occasionally employs; and the only difference is, that weak men who have little extent of ability for, or have had little experience in reasoning, are most liable to be attached to frivolous theories."1 William Cullen's expression concerning the importance of theories was proved to be correct due to the many contributions of the theories of those who studied medicine. In 1790, the birthrate was high, along with the death rate. The majority of deaths occurred among the infants and young children. The death rate of the population as a whole was higher than today. Although children born had only a 75% chance of surviving past the age of five, the beginning advances in medicine aided the population growth causing the population to increase in England. The medical schools, hospitals, medical societies and journals, medical knowledge, and doctors of 1790 did not perform life- prolonging therapeutics. In Science and the practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century, it was concluded that "many laymen, and... ...Sheikh, Eastern and Western Approaches to Healing (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989), 65. BIBLIOGRAPHY Sheikh, Anees A., and Katharina S. Sheikh. Eastern and Western Approaches to Healing. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989. Proctor, Robert N. Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988. Bynum, W.F. Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Taegu. "Yakryongshi-Market of Herb Medicine." Websites in Taegu. (c) 1996, JAC. n. pag. Online. Internet. 21 March, 1999 Available http://www.taegu.co.kr/h_045 .html "History of Medicine and Health." n. pag. Online. Internet. 21 March, 1999. Available http://ihs2.unn.ac.uk:8080/hhist.htm "Anatomy of an Epidemic." n. pag. Online. Internet. 21 March, 1999. Available http://library .advanced.org/11170/

 The Traits of Winston and Julia from Orwell’s 1984

Throughout one’s life, there are people whose similar and contrasting personalities help one to learn more about themselves. In George Orwell’s 1984, Orwell demonstrates a character foil between the protagonist Winston and his love-interest Julia. Although Winston and Julia’s views on life, and the Party are different, they are similar in their hopes to rebel against the Party, leading to their overall downfall and doomed relationship. Throughout 1984, Orwell contrasts Winston and Julia’s views on life. Winston is concerned with the future of Oceania.He analyzes all hope for the future and finds that it lies in the Proles. He begins to see beauty in everything free, for he longs to be free himself. This is shown when he finds beauty in the old Prole woman. â€Å"It had never occurred to him that the body of a woman of fifty [†¦] could be beautiful. † Although her appearance may have not been completely attractive, Winston sees that her beauty w ithin was great. He has an appreciation for her and the freedom that she signifies. Winston saw the true beauty within the woman, as opposed to Julia. Julia could find nothing beautiful about the woman.This is shown when in sight of the woman Julia says, â€Å"She’s a metre across the hips, easily†. Julia only sees things as they appear and cannot find a deeper meaning for the important things in life. As well, Julia is young, as opposed to Winston, therefore she has less experience about how the world works. This is thought of by Winston after a conversation about Winston’s wife, Katharine. â€Å"She was very young, he thought, she still expected something from life, she did not understand that to push an inconvenient person over a cliff solves nothing†.Julia is naive and believes that when there is a problem it is best to be fixed the easiest way possible. Julia and Winston both recognize their different views on life. As the conflict rises in the novel , one sees how Julia and Winston have different levels of intellect and on their thoughts towards the Party. Winston is a very intellectual man and he thinks his decisions over thoroughly. He knows that his actions have consequences. This is shown when he says, â€Å"We are the dead. † He has experienced what happens to those who commit crimes and he knows it is only a matter of time until both Julia and  he are killed.He sees life only as the little time he has left and is constantly living in the past, and regretting the bad things he had done. Julia on the contrary is a carefree woman and can be impulsive at times. She simply lives in the moment. This is shown when she says, â€Å"Don’t you enjoy being alive? Don’t you like the feeling: [†¦] I’m real, I’m solid, and I’m alive! † She is also naive because she does not think about the repercussions of her actions. She doesn’t understand what will happen to her once she is caught by the Thought Police and she focuses on enjoying life while she can.Winston and Julia’s views on the Party became an obvious difference in their relationship. Throughout 1984, one sees how Winston and Julia both demonstrate the possession of a rebellious trait. Although they both make it their goal to rebel against the Party, both characters do it in different ways. Firstly, to other Party members Julia appears to be completely orthodox. She is a member of the Junior Anti-Sex League and appears to love Big Brother, but in reality Julia rebels against the Party by having illegal sexual affairs with other Party members, leading her to Winston.As well she has a great amount of hatred for Big Brother. Her entire character is a contradiction. This is shown when Julia says to Winston, ‘You thought I was a good Party Member. Pure in word and deed [†¦] It’s this bloody thing that does it’ she said, ripping off the scarlet sash of the Anti-Junior Se x League and flinging it onto a bough. † The act of her throwing off the Anti-Sex League sash, demonstrates her ability to rebel and deceive the Party. As Julia allows Winston to see her form of rebellion, Winston begins to believe it is healthy and normal to rebel against Big Brother.Winston rebels by keeping a secret diary in which he writes messages against the Party and his hopes for the future. He eventually devotes his life to the Brotherhood and commits thoughtcrimes against the Party. This is shown when Winston writes, â€Å"DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER†. His thoughtcrime focuses on the downfall of the Party and the end of totalitarianism. One sees that both characters aim to rebel against the Party, while Julia rebels on a personal level, only doing so from the waist down and Winston commits his crimes by hoping to make an impact on the Party and change for the future.In conclusion, Winston and Julia’s relationship is formed through their similar need to rebel against the Party, while their different views on the Party and life strengthens the particular character Orwell portrays them to be. Although both characters chose to rebel, they each do it in a different way. Winston finds beauty and appreciation in freedom , while Julia is blinded by her own needs. As well Julia lives in the moment while Winston is constantly remembering his past. The personality traits of a person can depict their future, including their achievements and downfalls.

ABC Church essays

ABC Church essays The ABC Baptist Church has a membership of about 500 members and is having difficulties managing interoffice correspondence and membership information such as tax reporting for membership, calendars, of events, printing of programs, and recording of offerings. ABC Baptist Church now uses out of date hand written manual input of all information. They also use a very expensive outside printing company for all of their correspondence and church programs. The church has hired a new minister; and, his innovative ideas include leading our church is increasing our membership about 8 per cent each month. He is trying to improve the churchs accountability to its members, improve accounting procedures, reporting, and implement changes to help the church save money on printing costs which has skyrocketed since the membership has started. Since this is an old established church, we have many is the congregation who are not ready for the changes that he has suggested, the board of trustees decided to committee of church members consisting of several members who owned their own business, heads of church departments(such as the Sunday School and Missions), the Deacons and Deaconess board, the Accountants and the church secretaries to evaluate our current procedures and develop requirements that the church needs. All of the members of this committee should eventually be involved in the usage of the equipment. The committee decided on how many people should initially use the system. The security of the system, the need for the system to be user friendly, and the fact that the committee did not have the expertise to handle the problem were all problems that the committee related to the board. The committee decided to suggest an analysis of our current procedures done by an outside consultant. They agreed on the integrated firm of Gates Technology, Inc. and TEACH ell us the advantages and disadvantages to changing our church into ...

Discipline and Punish Essays

Discipline and Punish Essays Discipline and Punish Essay Discipline and Punish Essay Essay Topic: Discipline and Punish the Birth Of the Prison In addition, although Foucault does not study the bureaucratic process in Weberian style, his studies of the prison and other social institutions go further than Weber in preparing the rational process for the administration of the carceral society. On the other hand, Foucaults work also appeals to the political imagination within sociology, presenting a model of powerless monumental than either those of Marx or Weber. What for Weber was a level of regulation and law, for Foucault becomes an open prison committed to abolishing the last dark corner in which the soul might hide and yet in which the resistance is everywhere (ONeill, 1986). One of the most prominent critiques of Foucault from a liberal and criminological perspective is of David Garland. He states, the work of Foucault is meaningful when comparing with Weber on rationalisation and Freud on civilization. Each showing a different perspective of how life is cherished living in the modern world (Garland 1986:848). He advises Foucaults work on power and discipline has attracted various agencies of health and education in developing their political analyses. On the other hand, Garland argues, that the power perception which he develops is a basic one, underpinning and enveloping all challenging explanations. He presents no quantitative or wide ranging evidence to support his classification of modern penal practise. In addition, Paul Patton agrees with Garland and believes Foucault can be criticised for failing to provide the evidence for the strong type of argument he stands for (Cited in Garland, 1986:871). However, Smart believed Foucault could not be criticized for his approach and ideas because he does not intend to present an assumption of social construction. Instead, he tries to expand our theoretical structure by disclosing possible alternative justifications for our present situation that may lead to theoretical creation. However, he does not see them as a replacement (Smart, 1985). Subsequently, Cohen explains, Foucault leaves us within the carceral society without the possibility of its transformation. He believes Foucault, as an author who is expertise at correlating social movements and institutional changes but does not allow enough explanation for the future. Cohen claims that Foucaults penology is in fact too basic and simple. However, Cohen (1985) remarks, Foucault veers between a materialist connection between prison and emerging capitalism and an idealist obsession with the power of ideas but he does agree with the fact that Foucault is more worried with the origins and effects of punishment than with its relations with the economy (Cited in Cavadino Dignan, 2002:69). Consequently, Critiques of Foucault are mainly revolved around his ideas of self-freedom from discipline. It is argued that he did not go in to enough depth in explaining the struggle between individuality and society and Foucault refused to give a reason for the struggle that existed or a goal to be obtained. On the other hand, theorists like Matheisen agreed with Foucault to some extent but varied in other. Matheisen believed the use of technologies like surveillance is an essential element of social control and quite apart from being an unpreventable part of modernity it does not have as well as repressive potential. The constant use of surveillance could be used to increase detection rates but there is no validity that it could be used to harsher penalties for those convicted (Cavadino Dignan, 2002). For all its restrictions, nevertheless, Foucaults method of approaching universal and fundamental social themes through discipline is a great achievement. He does not just write a history of crime and punishment but rather is using historical materials and sociological insights from Marx, Weber and Durkheim to construct his understanding and analysis of the social universe. In conclusion, Discipline and Punish so clearly illuminates and is so significant in understanding the communication between punishment and the disciplinary society. Foucault sees his book as a historical background to various studies of power, normalization and the formation of knowledge in society. Most readers will find Foucaults vision interesting, some will find it emotionally persuasive and yet others will consider its political implications. Therefore, it is evident to believe that Foucaults contribution has certainly transformed the sociology of punishment. Foucaults writing did have a central theme and it proves that his main idea was the struggle of individuals against the power of society. Word count = 1950 Bibliography Cavadino, M and Dignan, J. (2002), The Penal System: An Introduction, Sage Publications Ltd: London, Third Edition. Foucault, M. (1977), Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Penguin Books: London. Garland, D. (1986), Foucaults Discipline and Punish: An Exposition and Critique, American Bar Foundation Research Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 847-880. ONeill, J. (1986), The Disciplinary Society: From Weber to Foucault, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 42-60. Smart, B. (1983), Foucault, Marxism and Critique, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd: London. Smart, B, (1985), Michel Foucault, Ellis Horward and Tavistock: London.

Summarize Political Leadership Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Summarize Political Leadership Readings - Essay Example Third dynamics is the changing shape of the political regimes, which links presidents past and present at parallel junctures in "political time". This third dynamic is the point of departure for our investigation. The dominant coalition operates the federal government and perpetuates its position through the development of a distinctive set of institutional arrangements and approaches to public policy questions. Conflicts among interest within the dominant coalition threaten to cause political disaffection and may weaken regime support. As the nation changes, the regime's traditional approach to problems appear increasingly outmoded. The government it dominates appears increasingly hostaged to sectarian interests with myopic concerns, insufferable demands, and momentary loyalties. The longer a regime survives, the more it becomes encumbered and distorted, and becomes less competent in addressing the manifest governing demands. One can distinguish many different political contexts for presidential leadership within a given historical period. Leadership situations might be characterized by the president's posture vis--vis the dominant political coalition. Leadership situation might be differentiated according to political time, that is, when in a regime sequence the president engages the political institutional order. This changing relationship between the p... First, the presidents who traditionally make the historians' roster of America's greatest came to power in an abrupt break from a long-established political-institutional regime. Each led a movement of new political forces into control of the federal government. Second, after the initial break with the past and the consolidation of a new system of government control, a general decline in the political effectiveness of regime insiders is notable. Taking different regimes into account simultaneously, this essay will group presidents together on the basis of the parallel positions they hold in political time. The analysis focuses on three pairs of presidents drawn from the New Deal and Jacksonian regimes. All were Democrats and thus affiliated with the dominant coalition of their respective periods. Each aspired to great national leadership. Coming to power on the displacement of an old ruling coalition, these presidents became mired in remarkably similar political struggles. Although separated by more than a century of history, they both faced the distinctive challenge of constructing a new regime. Leadership became a matter of securing the political and institutional infrastructure of a new governmental order. All six of these presidents had to grapple with the erosion of political support that inevitably comes with executive action. New economic and social conflicts had been festering in the US since the financial panic of 1819, but Jackson's campaign gained its special meaning from the confusion and outrage unleashed by the election of 1824. In that election, the Congressional Caucus collapsed as the engine of national political unity, and the once monolithic

Organizational Behaviour Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Organizational Behaviour Leadership - Essay Example This is studied in terms of whole organization, whole group, whole person and finally the whole social system. The focus of leadership in the context of organizational behavior is to establish better relationships within the organization by achieving organizational objectives, social objectives and human activities. It is notable that the organizational base has its core pillars resting on its management philosophy, goals, objectives, vision and values. Organizational culture arises from this comprising of formal organization, informal and its underlying social environment (Judith Wilson 2009). This aspect of organizational culture determines the model of leadership, dynamics within the organization, coordination and communication. The organizational employees take this into consideration as the quality work of life and determine to a greater extent their motivation. The final outcome of these underlying elements of organization behavior leadership determines the organizational perfo rmance, personal growth and stakeholder’s satisfaction (Wilson 2011). This can be argued to form the basis to establish appropriate framework or model that an organization operates. VLEADER PRACTICE AND REFLECTION In the context of organization behavior and leadership there is various situations arising attributed to interactions among managers, subordinates, groups and individuals in workplace. ... In this scenario the effective leadership style can be participative or delegate, given the contingencies to consider the following steps can be followed. Enhance engagement This will encourage Oli participate fully during the meeting feeling free to raise ideas. Despite the higher level of engagement it is important to retain the final say over the decision making process. The person engaged to feels motivated and becomes more creative. Tension strategy This step during the first meeting ensures that Oli is given a room to think of new ideas and challenging him to ensure that the work is done. Ideas that are relaxing is introduced and focused on. Oli should be offered the highest level of participation and encouragement to contribute more ideas in the meeting. Idea strategy This step is essential ensuring that one on one meeting and the manager’s intent is achieved. This step also ensures that Oli uncover the hidden ideas about the organization whereby right ideas are focused on. Work strategy It is important to focus on the critical work that enhances motivation by introducing ideas that motivates the subordinate. This can be achieved by suggesting order as well as introducing ideas and concluding with ideas that will facilitate motivation. The key major point under this attributed to this interaction includes enhancement of problem solving. As a manager leadership role is retained in making informed decisions considering subordinates input and enhanced consultation. This approach fosters successful handling of risks encouraging employees to contribute ideas steadily (Thach 2009). Understanding is enhanced whereby workplace energy and enthusiasm essential for solving complex organizational problems.